jointer and you can safely double the price to the $2,000 range. On a positive note, planers allow you to flatten a rough board of wood thatâs reasonably straight without the need for it to be pre-milled. warped or twisted board through it, the thickness of the board will be reduced, If you’re not interested in a combo machine, the jack plane could be a good solution for you. money to get the other one. When you get a board that’s too thick for the project you I've been moving over a bit to more hand tool work of late - for variety but also because I moved house and lost a lot of shed space so can't house all the big machines I had. rough lumber so they can be flat and square. I don't have any machine tools yet. A jointer is used first to make the wood much more accessible and workable with the planer. Please try again later. A thickness planer is a woodworking machine meant for making first, if you can only afford one at a time. Keep an eye out for deals on used equipment. PS flattening a 20 inch wide big bent board with a jack plane - even just one side - still sounds like masochism to me. Learn more about the difference between jointer vs planer. With a planer, you can be able to do a lot of things unlike when you work using a jointer so it is better than you get a planer first before going on to get a jointer. But what about boards wider than your jointer’s width capacity? Jointers are used for flattening one face and squaring up one edge. All new woodworkers eventually end up asking the same question: Do I need a planer or jointer? The answer is you need both! I've been thinking along your lines as that it's not that hard to flatten one side with a jack plane. I waited patiently and finally found my current jointer, a vintage Inca 570 that has a 260mm (10-1/4 in.) by Noahkix posted 05-10-2020 12:59 AM . :-), I teach quite a bit and this wall cabinet is probably one of my favorite things to teach. Filter by. Get woodworking tips, expert advice and special offers in your inbox. Main Differences Between Jointers vs Planers The Main Differences Between Jointers vs Planers are: Jointers are used to perfectly square a single edge and flatten a single face, whereas planers are used to ensure a consistent thickness and create parallel surfaces. via YouTube Capture. I know at first blush this may seem like bad advice because when initially processing lumber, we should get one flat face and one true edge. The combination jointer/planer is a popular machine in Europe due to its small footprint. Cutech 40160HC-CT 6â³ Benchtop Jointer. Which Comes First: Planer Or Jointer. If you don’t have sharp tools, then you won’t be successful with hand tools. – DW735X vs DW735 vs DW734, Grizzly Jointer Reviews – Choose From Our Best Picks, 5 Best Dovetail Jigs For Furniture And Cabinet Making Projects, 7 Best Woodworking Jigs To Speed Up Your Woodworking Projects, 16 Types of Woodworking Joints and How to Use Them, Using Airbrushes – Best Kit Reviews And Guide For 2020, 5 Best Impact Wrenches For The Most Stuck Nuts And Bolts, Wrench Buying Guide For Craftsmen And Hobbyists. This means you get a consistent thickness throughout the length The wood planer vs. jointer debate doesnât extend to safety measures. of the board once you’ve passed it through the planer. The jointer or planer, which one will you get first? You’ll always have the need to reduce your board thickness Enter the trusty jack plane. and the planer will do a good job of making the other warped side parallel to It’s for thicknessing or reducing the It seems to be basically the enormous inertia of the woodworking traditions in North America along with the stubborn not-invented-here attitude many seem to adopt. machine. If you ask me, Iâd say you should get the thickness planer first, if you can only afford one at a time. I often work with boards that are wider than 8 in., so to my mind, a 6- or 8-in. The Planer is then used to make the second face flat and parallel to the first. Steve Fikar's space-saving mobile support can handle big jobs, too. have much use for a jointer. Thickness by far is the least fun part of stock prep. have in hand, you pass it through the thickness planer to reduce the thickness Also, even if you have flat faces of wood but the edges of the board are not flat or square, you can always use a circular saw with a guide, a table saw or a hand planer to get the edges square. Daft. Youâll have more uses for a thickness planer than you would for a jointer. Sort by 5 products. The jointer removes deformities such as warps, twists, cups, and curves on the surface of a ⦠Click for full details. If you start looking at machines that are 12 in. The most likely reason for the planer vs. jointer debate is about saving money. If you don’t have a jointer, you can always opt to buy As far as electrics are concerned, most 6-in. Or, get everything with UNLIMITED, including 40+ years of the online archive. The jointer or planer. straight boards or only dimensioned lumber with flat faces. Surface planers and table saws can both ⦠With a little bit of practice, the jack plane can do a lot for a woodworker. Planer does not work similarly as the jointer. Fortunately, combo machines are starting to become more common here in North America, so that is a great option for people interested in these machines. Even when they do, the basic design remains static with only the addition of a bell or whistle. home | projects | blog. jointers often require a bump up to 220-volt power—a step that often requires some new wiring to be installed. Mostly I've been outsourching it and buying lumber pre-dimensioned. Youâd always have the need to reduce board thickness, but you might not have need to use the jointer to produce flat edges, especially if all the boards you have are straight boards. If you ask me, I’d say you should get the thickness planer The bandsaw seems less noisy and more flexible in terms of what it can do. Routers that don't plunge; table saws with no riving knife or sliding table; teeny-capacity jointers but wide-capacity planers .... as separate machines! A jointer creates a flat surface on wood, and jointer can be used to correct bow and warp on one side of a board at a time. But I would never give up the TS sliding carriage; and certainly won't be selling the planer-thicknesser so I can flatten geet big boards with hand planes, despite having many many rather nice ones that themselves are well up to the task. "A planer is a thicknesser. Of course, this is my own personal opinion, but it’s an one I’ve arrived at based on the scale at which you’ll use each of them. However, when you are first starting out, your budget may not allow for buying both. 1829 posts in 1508 days #1 posted 05-10-2020 01:52 AM . If you have a thickness planer and build a jointing sled for it, then in combination with the edge jointing jig on the tablesaw, you cover the main functions of a jointer. But even if you only buy dimensioned or straight It makes the wood sides parallel to each other. you feed the board through the planer to get both sides flat and reduce the Given that these tools are very expensive, it isnât surprising that most of us will only be able to afford one tool at a time. Just avoid buying warped or twisted lumber and you will not Even if a planer isnât capable of squaring edges, a circular or table saw can be used in obtaining some reasonable outcomes. If you have a 6- or 8-in. first. A jointer can eliminate that twisting and wrapping. 6" Spiral Cutterhead Benchtop Jointer - CUTECH 40160H. It’s used for making one face of a lumber or board flat. They weren't (and still aren't) expensive - certainly not "$4500 and up" for a 12 inch jointer alone. When you buy rough lumber, you get some that are warped and There is no way around it. and also to make both sides flat and parallel to each other. Hello, I'm Bright Ochuko, a mechanical engineer who's been passionate about tools and big machinery all his life. pass it through a jointer first to get one side of the board flat first, before I didn’t own a power jointer for many years because I didn’t want to buy anything smaller than a 10-in. @lat_axe, for sure here in the US your comment is valid, but there’s us more to it than stubbornness. Filter by. The Differences Between Jointers and Planers Jointer vs. Planer. Enter now for your chance to win more than $2,000 worth of woodworking equipment from Woodpeckers. A common question I get asked is which tool to buy first: a jointer or a thickness planer. It is impossible for a Planer to be able to do the work of a jointer. Bigger machines often need 3-phase power. For sure, I see this as a chicken-and-egg question: The manufactures are stuck in that rut because there’s a steep cost for them to move away from the very tired old designs they use and there’s more money to be made in selling individual tools. Sign up for eletters today and get the latest techniques and how-to from Fine Woodworking, plus special offers. If you are expecting a smooth surface and a fantastic finish, then you will have to take the need for sanders. you might not have need to use the jointer to produce flat edges, especially if Jointers are a kind of woodworking machine that smooths the surface of rough lumber to make flat edges on boards for various purposes, such as joining two boards together to make thicker boards. Sort by 3 products. No. Both times to ensure that the wood is properly chipped, you will need to pass the board of wood over the blades of the jointer and planer multiple times. I ain't up to the task, me! Thanks. The Delta Power Tools 37-071 jointer is one other benchtop jointer you should consider if youâre looking for a portable⦠Last updated on June 3rd, 2020 at 09:38 pm. Then you can use that face to reference against the fence to get an edge 90° to that face. Our biweekly podcast allows editors, authors, and special guests to answer your woodworking questions and connect with the online woodworking community. That’s all it does. jointer and are working with 6-in.- or 8-in.-wide boards, then this is totally achievable. But with a wood jointer machine, you can flatten one end of The name say it all. In a nutshell, a jointer is used to remove material at a specific depth in order to flatten one face or one edge of a board. The safety tips for using a planer are the same as that of a jointer. It ⦠Whereas, a planer is a thicknesser and the planer can easily thick board and makes it thinner. The board will then come out flat A jointer and a thickness planer are two important woodworking machines that you’ll need if you intend to dimension rough lumber in your workshop or home garage. the side you’ve flattened with the jointer. 44 replies so far. We have created these special content collections organized to give you a deep dive into a range of topics that matter. CraftsmanProTools is reader-supported. In the same respect, a jointer also can't perform a lot of the tasks that a Planer does. UNLIMITED membership - Get access to it all. It will be nice to have both at the same time, but if you Price match guarantee + FREE shipping on eligible orders. Because the jointer only works with one surface at a time, there is no way for it to make any surface truly parallel to another. – DW735X vs DW735 vs DW734. Simple really, we ask Vic questions, and he answers them, Get perfect dadoes, grooves, rabbets, and tenons in no time. I'd agree with those who say that a jointer (surface planer) is more accurate than a hand plane - we have a 16 x 9in planer/thicknesser in the shop with an 88in table and I reckon that it's good for up to about 6 or 7ft accurate planing, with the addition of ⦠Well, perhaps y'all have a plunge router now, :-). To use a planer, the board should already have one flat side. A thickness planer is a tool used to remove material at a specific thickness on one side or edge so that itâs parallel with the other. thickness of a board. Plus tips, advice, and special offers from Fine Woodworking. Related: Grizzly Jointer Reviews – Choose From Our Best Picks. Surprisingly, they don't seem to want to innovate. In recent lumber, you’ll always have use for a thickness planer. You’d always have the need to reduce board thickness, but The jointer is used to flatten one face and square up one edge and the planer is then used to make the second face flat and parallel to the first. The other 2 factors are that most Americans have more space for their shops and therefore stand-alone tools have value. Bump up to an 8-in. You’ll have more uses for a If you put that warped lumber into a thickness planer Jointer-Planer Combo. Known for efficiency in his work, Mike Pekovich has built a few iterations of his sled for making mitered boxes. There is often a bit of confusion between the functions of the two machines, and some question as to whether they can be used interchangeably. on both sides and square, ready for use. So, if you have a warped board or twisted board, you need to Well, I'm sure your right that there's an inclination for some to have lottsa tools to put in their "shop you can see from space" but ....... North America is the source of many fine quality tools - including some machine tools - so it doesn't always seem to be "quantity over quality". In Britain I've been woodworking for 25 years with a combined planer-thicknesser (jointer and planer in your parlance) as well as a table saw with a large sliding carriage. If you have an opinion about this, you can always tell us about it. In fact, each cannot really reach its full potential without the other. If you have a 6- or 8-in. jointer will set you back between $500 and $1,000. At the time of this writing, a mid-line 6-in. Planer and TS will get you S4S. However, if a choice must be made, you probably want to buy a planer first. twisted along the length of the lumber. Another con that planers suffer from is that they tend to duplicate the defects on one side of the stock onto the other side, which is why itâs imperative to run your lumber across a jointer first. thickness at the same time. To make the big decision itâs important to understand what exactly each tool does. Whereas a planer can smooth off wooden planes, leaving every board flawlessly ready for instant use 10 or 11 years ago in Knots (the then FWW forum) I asked a number of questions under the umbrella question: "Why do North American woodworkers persist with a number of very old-fashioned and inefficient WW machines? There are misconceptions about both machines that have confused this issue to a bunch of woodworkers, often in a big way.Jointers straighten one surface of a piece of wood at a time. A jointer and planer are mechanically similar; a set of knives that is powered by a motor, whirling away and removing stock from the surface as a board is fed through.. The ttread in Knots, all those years ago, fielded various opinions as to why these sewnsible "European" machines have not found favour in North America. Video: Testing the wall-mounted dust collectors, Complete Illustrated Guide to Woodworking USB, From the Editor: Publishing during a pandemic, Save 56% off the magazine newsstand price. They really are outstanding in form, finish & function. Most people have a budget for the amount they spend on tools. You aren’t trying to make a pristine surface when flattening a board with a plane, you’re simply trying to get it flat. Or is it? to fit the project you have in hand. After that, you can flip the board for the last few passes on the planer to get rid of your jack plane marks. Here at Craftsmanprotools, my team and I research, review and write about the best pro tools for craftsmen and DIY enthusiasts. that warped lumber, and then you can take that lumber into a thickness planer, Once flat, that surface can be used as a reference surface on the bed of a thickness planer. To answer that question, you should know the difference between the two or what each one is used for. That is why you should go for the planer The question however is, which one should you get first? A jointer creates a flat surface on wood, and yes, it can be used to correct bow and warp on one side of a board at a time. 12 ½" Spiral Cutterhead Benchtop Planer - CUTECH 40700H. One thing you must note is that, a thickness planer makes Models tested are: Grizzly G0785, Rikon 60-101, Rockler Dust Right 650 CFM, Rocker Dust Right 1250 CFM, Shop Fox W1844, Shop Fox W1826. but it will also come out warped or twisted, because the thickness planer makes The jointer is the ideal tool to make a board perfectly flat and square. both sides of a board parallel to each other. The name jointer comes from jointer plane, a hand-operated tool used for the same purpose. Subscribe to Fine Woodworking today and get our lowest price of the season - only $20 for one year. It's not that big of a piece, but it packs in a…, Chris Gochnour's sideboard combines usefulness, strength, and beauty in a contemporary case piece. Whether you are just starting out on a wonderful woodworking journey or perhaps looking to upgrade some equipment, deciding where to put your hard-earned cash can be stressful. and larger, you’ll be laying out $4,500 and up. all the boards you have are straight boards. UNLIMITED Membership is like taking a master class in woodworking for less than $10 a month. By using the fence we can make an adjoining surface square or intentionally bevel a corner. The reality is that dull tools are the main reason why woodworkers struggle with hand tools. I have many hand tools of very high quality from a variety of North American (including Canadian) manufacturers. Well, as the name suggests, a Jointer Planer Combo machine is nothing but a combination of a wood planer and a wood jointer and is meant to suffice to your woodworking needs in an effective way. This feature is not available right now. Introducing the planer and the jointer, two pieces of woodworking equipment that can enhance your ability to perfectly square wood planks and panels without relying on hand tools. My advice is almost always to get a thickness planer first. We know that the biggest commercial woodshops require ⦠Wood jointer or planer – Which one should you get first if you could only afford one at a time? That same plane can be used to joint the edges of the board. It’s used together with a thickness planer for dimensioning Become an UNLIMITED member and get it all: searchable online archive of every issue, how-to videos, Complete Illustrated Guide to Woodworking digital series, print magazine, e-newsletter, and more. © 2020 The Taunton Press, Inc. All rights reserved. Not only that, but also the planer will also make the rough side both smooth, and parallel to the other side. Learn more about the difference between jointer vs planer. It takes a thick board and makes it thinner. That will help you determine which one you need and which one you can do without for the time being. Sawstop may have a very clever bell-whistle but their basic design of tablensaw is still .... inadequate, because it fails to deal with the room-elephant of no sliding carriage for cross cutting. wide and can do it quickly. Typically the jointer is mounted on top with a planer directly underneath. It helps you to make both the edges equal to make it flat without disturbing the thickness. This workhorse can easily flatten boards up to 500mm (20 in.) To learn more about this process, check out this video on Milling Lumber. A jointer’s first job is to flatten a board’s face. Both pieces of equipment perform a similar function, but they are by no means one and the same. First, we need to understand what a joiner and planer can and cannot do. Then you can use that face to reference against the fence to get an edge 90° to that face. Things get serious at this point; trying to feed these machines requires phase converters or installing 3-phase power in your home shop. Do you think a bandsaw could serve as an alternative to planer in this role? 12 ½" Spiral Cutterhead Benchtop Planer - CUTECH 40700H. The last reason we lag behind Europe is that in our culture there is definitely the attitude that whomever has the most toys (tools) wins — its all about quantity, not necessarily quality. Planer vs Jointer - which to buy first? Madmark2. Shop Jointers & Planers top brands at Lowe's Canada online store. jointer won’t do the trick. That’s why it’s also called a thicknesser. Planers are for the initial and quick jobs, such as shaving, while sanders can be used to give a professional touch and best finishing. General overview: Jointer vs. Planer Both jointers and planers are big, expensive power tools that only serious woodworkers, craftsmen, or dyed-in-the-wool DIYâers will consider investing in. Jointer is good for warped lumber, but personally I ⦠This first step presumably requires a power jointer, but consider this⦠A jointerâs first job is to flatten a boardâs face. machine and plane it, it will still come out warped. That is why when you feed a This is not a perfect alternative to a jointer, but over time you’ll get your jointer and you’ll have both of them to work with. The best results from using a jointer come from passing the board ⦠Safely operating and wearing safety gear remain very important. Craftsman Pro Tools is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. You can read more, Which Dewalt Planer Is The Best? just to make one face of the board flat and square. That’s a pretty important question many beginner woodworkers ask when faced with the choice of getting either one of them. Note that this will ⦠This first step presumably requires a power jointer, but consider this…. thickness planer than you would for a jointer. A jointer is a woodworking power tool for flattening a wood along its length. We may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you when you buy via links on our site. PS, I have a 6" jointer that has served me pretty well for several years with some minor repair and upkeep, I bought it used for $60. A planer cannot make your board flat and square but it can make the edges and faces parallel. In this video, he shows the progression of sleds he built, and unveils the final version. Your projects wonât turn out perfectly unless you use squared-off wood as your base for cutting and planing. Compare products, read reviews & get the best deals! both sides of a board parallel and for reducing the thickness of the board. Related: Which Dewalt Planer Is The Best? A sander is sensitive if compared to planers and can only remove 1/32 inches of regular wood in one pass. A jointer/planer combination machine uses a single cutterhead to joint and plane boards. For this reason, I choose to flatten my boards by hand and then stuff them into the thickness planer to bring them to final thickness. don’t have money for both, you can always settle for one until you get enough Like we mentioned, quality woodworking canât begin without properly milled lumber, and these tools are the most reliable, foolproof way in which to 4-square your stock. Here we are today, a decade later, and there's really been little change. The answer to this planer vs. jointer question depends on the nature of the work you need to be done. jointers will run on 110-volt power, while 8-in. capacity, which suits my needs quite well. both sides including curves in the wood parallel to each other. Struggling to choose between Jointer vs planer? For many, including myself, there is little joy surrounding thicknessing boards by hand. Perhaps your other explanation for the rut-like tradition syndrome is more likely - manufacturers (and their advertising or other promotion) seem to prefer what they already know. Mike Pekovich has a sled for each job: a sled for cutting dovetails, one with a sliding fence for box joints, a sled with a lower fence and stops for cutting dadoes, one with a tall fence for cutting tenons, and a dedicated sled for mitered boxes. 6" Spiral Cutterhead Benchtop Jointer - CUTECH 40160H. Jointer and planer: cooperation in milling wood The way a jointer is used in the milling process is by running one surface and one edge of the board over a jointerâs cutterhead. jointer and are working with 6-in.- ⦠The jointer has minimal functions and will most certainly not do what a planer would do. The primary job of a jointer is Can do a lot of the board should already have one flat side is probably one of favorite! Should go for the amount they spend on tools 've been thinking along your as... Are working with 6-in.- ⦠the jointer or planer in 1508 days # posted... A little bit of practice, the jack plane marks you will have to take the for! Fine woodworking, plus special offers from Fine woodworking today and get best. Smooth surface and a fantastic finish, then you will not have much use a... Planer will also make the big decision itâs important to understand what a and. Using the fence to get rid of your jack plane when faced with online. Be able to do the work of a board parallel and for reducing the thickness planer machine plane... And write about the best results from using a jointer rights reserved both the edges and faces.. More than $ 10 a month think a bandsaw could serve as an alternative to planer in this role have. Valid, but consider this… this wall cabinet is probably one of my favorite things to teach step often... One is used for the same reason for the amount they spend on.! Jointer debate doesnât extend to safety measures 6-in.- or 8-in.-wide boards, you... To 220-volt power—a step that often requires some new wiring to be done 8 in. so... N'T seem to want to buy straight boards or only dimensioned lumber flat! ), I teach quite a bit and this wall cabinet is probably one of them anything smaller than 10-in! So to my mind, a jointer or a thickness planer than you would a! Most certainly not do links on our site ready for use sign up for eletters today and get lowest! Reduce your board flat can easily flatten boards up to 220-volt power—a step that often some... 90° to that face to reference against the fence we can make the edges and faces parallel have space! – which one should you get some that are 12 in. s job... The final version a mechanical engineer who 's been passionate about tools and big all! Jointer jointer vs planer first CUTECH 40160H planer does is about saving money are warped and twisted along length. Why you should go for the last few passes on the nature of the -. 40+ years of the board flat and parallel to each other safely the... Have a budget for the amount they spend on tools us more to it than stubbornness Craftsmanprotools my! On both sides of a jointer can easily thick board and makes it thinner may earn an affiliate commission no. 110-Volt power, while 8-in equal to make it flat without disturbing the thickness planer first eligible. Do the work you need and which one will you get some that wider... Inca 570 that has a 260mm ( 10-1/4 in. that, but also the vs.! Eye out for deals on used equipment will also make the second face and. An edge 90° to that face to reference against the fence jointer vs planer first get rid of your jack.! 260Mm ( 10-1/4 in. it through the planer first big machinery all his life lumber pre-dimensioned jointer... Face flat and square, ready for use boards wider than your jointer s... Because I didn ’ t be successful with hand tools I need planer! If a choice must be made, you can read more, which one should you first... Both sides and square side with a little bit of practice, jack! Get asked is which tool to make the second face flat and square, ready for use it it! Wood jointer or a thickness planer first run on 110-volt power, while 8-in that. To that face to reference against the fence to get rid of your jack plane be... Editors, authors, and parallel to the task, me respect, a later... Faced with the planer all rights reserved chance to win more than $ 2,000 range the second face flat square. Planers and can only remove 1/32 inches of regular wood in one pass is ideal! Accessible and workable with the planer first more to it than stubbornness make! Serious at this point ; trying to feed these machines requires phase converters or installing 3-phase power your... Router now,: - ) probably one of them in his work, Mike Pekovich has built a iterations... Between the two or what each one is used first to make flat. 8 in., so to my mind, a mid-line 6-in phase converters or installing 3-phase in! Used equipment of equipment perform a lot of the online archive more to it stubbornness. Give you a deep dive into a thickness planer for dimensioning rough lumber so they be! It makes the wood much more accessible and workable with the choice getting. That ’ s us more to it than stubbornness its length read reviews & get the thickness planer to! Joint and plane it, it will still come out warped of stock prep woodworkers ask when faced with online! Why woodworkers struggle with hand tools are outstanding in form, finish & function it through the will! Make the edges equal to make it flat without disturbing the thickness of a board parallel for! Sides and square to feed these machines requires phase converters or installing 3-phase in... Fantastic finish, then you will have to take the need to be done planer first project have. The tasks that a planer, which one will you get some are! A reference surface on the bed of a board parallel and for reducing the thickness of a also. Already have one flat side to understand what a joiner and planer and! Making both sides and square, ready for use used for they,. At 09:38 pm planer would do, authors, and there 's really been little.! Give you a deep dive into a range of topics that matter concerned. Created these special content collections organized to give you a deep dive into thickness... Same purpose, most 6-in $ 2,000 range 1 posted 05-10-2020 01:52 AM start looking at that. From passing the board will then come out warped the basic design remains static with only the addition a. 1/32 inches of regular wood in one pass found my current jointer, but consider this⦠a jointerâs first is. The other 2 factors are that most Americans have more uses for a jointer is a woodworking tool... Face to reference against the fence to get an edge 90° to that face to reference against fence! At the time being Bright Ochuko, a decade later, and special guests to your. Compare products, read reviews & get the latest techniques and how-to from Fine woodworking and found! Shop Jointers & Planers top brands jointer vs planer first Lowe 's Canada online store special content collections to! At the time of this writing, a decade later, and special offers from Fine woodworking today and jointer vs planer first! Things to teach and which one should you get some that are wider than your jointer ’ s a important. A combo machine, the board for the same purpose some new wiring to be installed on the planer also... For dimensioning rough lumber, you can safely double the price to task! Directly underneath and buying lumber pre-dimensioned our best Picks a deep dive into a thickness planer than you would a! Come out flat on both sides and square and plane it, it still... Warped or twisted lumber and you will not have much use for a jointer also ca n't perform a of!
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