THE CAUSE. Shortly afterwards, the Convention of Aguascalientes was convened. "Emiliano Zapata" vol. Some of his reforms began to anger the officer corps, leading to an attempted coup in 1924 that Obregón was able to crush with relative ease. "Mexican Revolution: February 1913 – October 1915" in. Carranza issued a narrowly political statement, the Plan of Guadalupe. [163] Political broadsides including songs of the revolutionary period were also a popular form of visual art. Later, Calles decreed the end of caudillismo and the foundation of the National Revolutionary Party, that soon would become the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), that governed uninterruptedly the country from that date and until the year 2000, and later from 2012 until the present. In 1911, although Orozco was "the man of the hour," Madero gave the governorship instead to Abraham González, a respectable revolutionary, with the explanation that Orozco had not reached the legal age to serve as governor, a tactic that was "a useful constitutional alibi for thwarting the ambitions of young, popular, revolutionary leaders."[82]. Niggli's drama stages the participation of women in the Mexican Revolution, characterizing Adela, the protagonist of "La Adelita," as a hero of the Revolution. Organized labor conducted strikes for better wages and just treatment. Villa was assassinated in July 1923. "[148] The interim government of Adolfo de la Huerta negotiated Pancho Villa's surrender in 1920, rewarding him with an hacienda where he lived in peace until he floated political interest in 1924 election. However, following that followed some clashes that maintained the political instability. Octavio Paz wrote that the revolution strengthened the Mexican state more than ever, making Mexico a very state-centered and patrimonialist society. [187] In 2012, a new Metro line opened with a Metro Hospital 20 de Noviembre stop, a hospital named after the date that Francisco I. Madero in his 1910 Plan de San Luis Potosí, called for rebellion against Díaz. Huerta, formally in charge of the defense of Madero's regime, allowed the rebels to hold the armory in Mexico City—the Ciudadela—while he consolidated his political power. The German ship landed its cargo—largely U.S.-made rifles—in a deal brokered by U.S. businessmen (at a different port). In addition, the armies of the north, those of Villa by the center, Obregon by the west and González by the east managed to dominate the country by the four sides. Madero attracted the forces of rebel leaders such as Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa, Ricardo Flores Magón, Emiliano Zapata and Venustiano Carranza. The revolution slowed"by David Alfaro Siqueiros. The Mexican Revolution was brought on by, among other factors, tremendous disagreement among the Mexican people over the dictatorship of President Porfirio Díaz, who, all told, stayed in office for thirty one years.During that span, power was concentrated in the hands of a select few; the people had no power to express their opinions or select their public officials. After the war ended in 1929, supporters of Calles and Obregón began to form a united political party called the National Revolutionary Party (PNR). The populace was demanding reforms, promised by the 1917 constitution. In Mexico City, there are delegaciones (boroughs) named for Álvaro Obregón, Venustiano Carranza, and Gustavo A. Madero, brother of murdered president Francisco I. Madero. Madero was an inexperienced politician who had never held office before, but his election as president in October 1911, following the exile of Porfirio Díaz in May 1911 and the interim presidency of Francisco León de la Barra, raised high expectations for positive change. The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución Mexicana) was a major revolution, including a sequence of armed struggles, lasting roughly from 1910 to 1920, that transformed Mexican culture and government. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) is one of the major lasting legacies of the Mexican Revolution; its first iteration was the Partido Nacional Revolucionario founded in 1929 under Northern revolutionary general and president of Mexico (1924–1928) Plutarco Elías Calles, following the assassination of president-elect (and former president) Álvaro Obregón in 1928. National Institute of Historical Studies of the Revolutions of Mexico. The frontal cavalry charges of Villa's forces were met by the shrewd, modern military tactics of Obregón. "Francisco de la Barra" in, Southern Methodist University, Central University Libraries, DeGolyer Library. Abraham González—formed a powerful military union in the north and, although they were not especially committed to Madero, took Mexicali and Chihuahua City. [135], Venustiano Carranza did not move on land reform, despite the provisions in the new constitution providing for it. Prints were easily reproducible and circulated widely, while murals commissioned by the Mexican government necessitated a journey to view them. Camp, Roderic Ai. Zapata was not a peasant himself, but led peasants in his home state of Morelos in regionally concentrated warfare regain village lands and return to subsistence agriculture. [83] This caused considerable dismay among U.S. businessmen and other foreign investors in the northern region. Examine the major stages of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) and explain the programs of 3 of the most important leaders. Initially, Calles remained the power behind the presidency during a period known as the Maximato, but his hand-picked presidential candidate, Lázaro Cárdenas, won a power struggle with Calles, expelling him from the country. For Madero's troops this was insufficient, so hostilities resumed. "[76] During that period, the Catholic Association of Mexican Youth (ACJM) was founded. Obregón was in a difficult position; he had to appeal to both the left and the right to ensure Mexico would not fall back into civil war. [13] The losses from Mexico's population of 15 million were high, but numerical estimates vary a great deal. He brought the state governors under his control, replacing them at will. (S.f.). Initially intended, in part, to prevent a German merchant vessel from delivering a shipment of arms to the Huerta regime, the muddled operation evolved into a seven-month stalemate resulting in the death of 193 Mexican soldiers, 19 U.S. servicemen and an unknown number of civilians. [11] Zapata was assassinated in 1919 by agents of President Carranza. The tradition of strong-man rule was not completely thrown away, presidentialism (presidencialismo), the political arrangement of a powerful executive branch centered in the presidency, became the favored style of post-revolutionary politics.[198]. Gonzales, Michael J. The Mexican Revolution began as a movement of middle-class protest against the long-standing dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911). "[46] Díaz seems to have considered Finance Minister José Yves Limantour as his successor. 869–873. Also opening in 1999 was Metro Romero Rubio, named after the leader of Porfirio Díaz's Científicos, whose daughter Carmen Romero Rubio became Díaz's second wife. After 1920, Mexican muralism and printmaking were two major forms of revolutionary art. There were also foreign governments, primarily the United States, who feared Mexico would take a communist turn such as Russia was to do in 1918. [118], Meanwhile, in early 1914 Pancho Villa had moved against a huertista army holed up in Ojinaga, sending the federal soldiers fleeing to Fort Bliss, in the U.S. [3][14], Many scholars consider the promulgation of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 (Spanish: Constitucion de 1917) as the end point of the armed conflict. When it became obvious that the election had been fixed, Madero supporter Toribio Ortega took up arms with a group of followers at Cuchillo Parado, Chihuahua on 10 November 1910. [91], Huerta's presidency is usually characterized as a dictatorship. Foreign Minister Francisco León de la Barra assumed the presidency and formed a government of national unity, which failed and ended in elections where Madero won with 99% of the votes. "[61], With Díaz in exile and new elections to be called in October, the power structure of the old regime remained in place. During the Orozco revolt, the governor of Chihuahua mobilized the state militia to support the Federal Army and Pancho Villa, a colonel in the militia, was called up at this time. border. Madero is in a dapper suit. Most prominent of the documentary film makers were Salvador Toscano and Jesús H. Abitía, and some 80 cameramen from the U.S. filmed as freelancers or employed by film companies. that Dromundo's book was released.' [161] Posada died in early 1913, so his caricatures are only of the early revolution. Díaz attempted the same kind of manipulation he executed with the Mexican political system with business interests, showing favoritism to European interests against those of the U.S.[34], Rival interests, particularly those of the foreign powers with presence in Mexico, further complicated an already complex system of favoritism. "Visual Arts: 1910–37, The Revolutionary Tradition. By the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez, Díaz resigned and went into exile, new elections were scheduled for the fall, and an interim presidency under Francisco León de la Barra was installed. Others decided to migrate to the United States. Despite pressures from the U.S., Obregón flirted with the newly formed USSR. De la Barra's government sent General Victoriano Huerta to fight in Morelos against the Zapatistas, burning villages and wreaking havoc. Some poor farmers also migrated to the cities and they settled on neighborhoods where the Porfiriato elite used to live. Institute of Security and Social Services of State Workers. This presentation also uses the American Revolution as an example to explain the stages. [133] Although the peasants of Morelos under Zapata had not expanded beyond their local region and parts of the state of Puebla, Carranza sought to eliminate Zapata. Next he confronted the federal garrisons in Morelos, the majority of which defected to him with their weapons. There was the appearance of union and peasant leagues' power, but the effective power was in the hands of the PRI. With the defeat of Huerta in July 1914, Zapata loosely allied with Pancho Villa, previously allied with Venustiano Carranza and the Constitutionalist Army, particularly General Álvaro Obregón. "[106], In the summer of 1913 Mexican conservatives who had supported Huerta sought a constitutionally elected civilian alternative to Huerta, brought together in a body called the National Unifying Junta. Francisco Bulnes described these men as the "true authors" of the Mexican Revolution for agitating the masses. "[188], The role of women in the Mexican Revolution has been an important aspect of historical memory. The French Revolution Project. "The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1920" in. Villa was the real power emerging from the Convention, and he prepared to strengthen his position by winning a decisive victory against the Constitutionalist Army. Buchenau, Jürgen. Mexican banknotes also commemorate Mexican revolutionaries, most prominently Plutarco Elías Calles, revolutionary general, president of Mexico, and founder of the political party that has dominated Mexico almost continuously from 1919. Mexican Revolution. Peasants were forced to make futile attempts to win back their land through courts and petitions. 323-324. Although there had been labor unrest under Díaz, labor's new freedom to organize also came with anti-American currents. Another potential successor was General Bernardo Reyes, Diaz's Minister of War, who also served as governor of Nuevo León. Emiliano Zapata was assassinated by a trap tended from the government of Carranza. Following the ratification of the constitution, Carranza was elected to the presidency of Mexico.[144]. [91] The Northern revolutionaries fought under the name of the Constitutionalist Army, with Carranza as the "First Chief" (primer jefe). Villa and Zapata left the capital, with Zapata returning to his southern stronghold in Morelos, where he continued to engage in warfare under the Plan of Ayala. The Mexican Revolution began quietly on November 20, 1910, when Francisco I. Madero issued a manifesto calling for the overthrow of the military dictator Porfirio Diaz who had ruled the country for three decades. Díaz had originally challenged Benito Juárez on the platform of "no re-election. Most people in Mexico became landless peasants laboring on these vast estates or industrial workers toiling for little more than slave wages. When northern General Pancho Villa became governor of Chihuahua in 1914, following the ousting of Huerta, he located González's bones and had them reburied with full honors. One of Madero's representatives in the negotiations was his running mate in the 1910 elections, Francisco Vázquez Gómez. Zapata had fought for land for the tillers in Morelos, and succeeded. Carranza sent General Francisco Murguía and General Manuel M. Diéguez to track down and eliminate Villa. At the meeting, González's men assassinated Zapata. A new constitution that incorporated many of the Revolution's ideals was promulgated in 1917, but the violence didn't really come to an end until Álvaro Obregón became president in 1920. [49][50][51] If Díaz had kept to this, the presidency and vice presidency would have been open in 1910. This stage created the Constitution and led to a single political party gaining control of México. Although leftist groups were small in numbers, they became highly influential through their publications, which helped articulate opposition to the Díaz regime. So took the Toma de Zacatecas, which gave the final stitch to Huerta, who resigned on July 15, 1914 and departed into exile. The famous picture of Zapata and Villa, with Villa sitting in the presidential chair in the National Palace, is a classic image of the Revolution. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson, who had done all he could to undermine U.S. confidence in Madero's presidency, brokered the Pact of the Embassy, which formalized the alliance between Félix Díaz and Huerta, with the backing of the United States. In his early years in the presidency, Díaz was a master politician, playing factions off one another while retaining and consolidating his own power. Zapata's name was appropriated by the rebels of Chiapas, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN) while those who took and held power have a far more muted historical remembrance. According to historian Peter V.N. Mexico was again at war and Carranza regained the capital in 1916. Madero’s anti-reelection slogan resonated with many Mexicans and eventually led them to respond to his call to arms. The Mexican Constitution of 1917 was strongly nationalist, giving the government the power to expropriate foreign ownership of resources and enabling land reform (Article 27). We use cookies to provide our online service. "[168] There was a large foreign viewership for still and moving images of the Revolution. He continued other reforms pushed by his predecessor, such as land reform and anti-clerical laws to prevent the Catholic Church from influencing the state. Despite Obregón's moderating actions at the Convention of Aguascalientes, even trying to persuade Carranza to resign his position, he ultimately sided with Carranza.[129]. With the outbreak of World War I in Europe in 1914, foreign powers with significant economic and strategic interests in Mexico—particularly the U.S., Great Britain and Germany—made efforts to sway Mexico to their side, but Mexico maintained a policy of neutrality. Porfirio Díaz, Pancho Villa and Victoriano Huerta, Characters of the Mexican Revolution. (S.f.). The centennial of the Mexican Revolution was another occasion to construct of historical of the events and leaders. During that time he attempted to legitimize his regime and demonstrate its legality by pursuing reformist policies; and after October 1913, when he dropped all attempts to rule within a legal framework and began murdering political opponents while battling revolutionary forces that had united in opposition to his regime. Successive assassinations of revolutionary leaders, Brewster, Keith. "The potential challenge from Reyes would remain one of Díaz's political obsessions through the rest of the decade, which ultimately blinded him to the danger of the challenge of Francisco Madero's anti-re-electionist campaign. Rule is then taken into the hands of autocrats. Many issues faced the working poor, such as debt peonage and company stores that kept the populace poor. [69][70], Political parties proliferated, one of the most important being the National Catholic Party, which in a number of regions of the country was particularly strong. The U.S. recognized Carranza's government as the de facto ruling power in October 1915, following those military victories. In the 19th century he had been a national hero, opposing the French Intervention (Spanish: Intervención francesa) in the 1860s and distinguishing himself in the Battle of Puebla (Spanish: Batalla de Puebla) on 5 May 1862 ("Cinco de Mayo"). In 2000, the, Meyer, Jean. The footage has been edited and reconstructed into documentary films, Memories of a Mexican (Carmen Toscano de Moreno 1950) and Epics of the Mexican Revolution (Gustavo Carrera). His name and image were invoked in the 1994 uprising in Chiapas, with the Zapatista Army of National Liberation. During his presidency he relied on his personal secretary and close aide, Hermila Galindo de Topete, to rally and secure support for him. This in effect turned the legislature into a rubber stamp for the PRI's leadership. Morelos was the only region where land reform was enacted during the years of fighting. ", John Womack, Jr. "The Mexican Revolution" in. Rather, he returned confiscated estates to their owners. Demands for better labor conditions were central to the Liberal Party program, drawn up in 1905. Former Zapatistas still had strong influence in the post-revolutionary government, so most of the reforms began in Morelos, the birthplace of the Zapatista movement.[155]. [146] Carranza's attempt to impose his choice was considered a betrayal of the Revolution and his remains were not placed in the Monument to the Revolution until 1942.[147]. Rather than being sent into exile with their families, the two were murdered while being transported to prison—a shocking event, but one that did not prevent the Huerta regime's recognition by most world governments. His failure is also attributable to "the failure of the social class to which he belonged and whose interests he considered to be identical to those of Mexico: the liberal hacendados [owners of large estates]. The United States had concluded that both Villa and Zapata were too radical and hostile to its interests and sided with the moderate Carranza in the factional fighting. Radical reforms were embedded in the constitution, in particular labor rights, agrarian reform, anticlericalism, and economic nationalism. In mid-April, at the head of 400 irregular troops, he joined the forces commanded by Huerta. The signed treaty stated that Díaz would abdicate the presidency along with his vice president, Ramón Corral, by the end of May 1911, to be replaced by an interim president, Francisco León de la Barra, until elections were held. Madero had put Orozco in charge of the large force of rurales in Chihuahua, but to a gifted revolutionary fighter who had helped bring about Díaz's fall, Madero's reward was insulting. With the expansion of Mexican agriculture, landless peasants were forced to work for low wages or move to the cities. First, the leaders of the Porfiriato lost their political power (but kept their economic power), and the middle class started to enter the public administration. "[105] The United States offered Mexico a loan on the condition that Huerta accept the proposal. The United States played an especially significant role. Article 27 also empowered the government to expropriate holdings of foreign companies, most prominently seen in the 1938 expropriation of oil. The Mexican Revolution was an armed movement that began on November 20, 1910 in the territory of Mexico. Duke University Press, 1993. To prevent conservative factions in the military from plotting and to put idle soldiers to work, Cárdenas mobilized the military to build public works projects. The revolutionary struggle created a new regime that comprised the regional faction of northwest Mexico, willing to make deals with other regions and factions. 1920:Forces led by Álvaro ObregónRemaining Zapatista forces, The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución Mexicana) was a major revolution, including a sequence of armed struggles, lasting roughly from 1910 to 1920, that transformed Mexican culture and government. [201], On the other hand, although the proportion between rural and urban population, and the number of workers and the middle class remained practically the same, the Mexican Revolution brought substantial qualitative changes to the cities. It tended to play off both sides of the political spectrum, both the populists and the emerging middle class. Ciudad Juárez was again seized and an interim government chaired by Madero was installed. This gave Carranza's Constitutionalists legitimacy internationally and access to arms from the U.S. As revolutionary violence subsided in 1916, leaders met to draw up a new constitution, thus making principles for which many of the revolutionaries had fought into law. "[122] Called to meet in Mexico City in October 1914, revolutionaries opposed to Carranza's influence successfully moved the venue to Aguascalientes. The Party's name expresses the Mexican state's incorporation of the idea of revolution, and especially a continuous, nationalist, anti-imperialist, Mexican revolution, into political discourse, and its legitimization as a popular, revolutionary party. Carranza, after elections, would assume as constitutional president. Peasant agriculture was under pressure as haciendas expanded, such as in the state of Morelos, just south of Mexico City, with its burgeoning sugar plantations. The agrarian reform allowed some revolutionary fighters to have access to land, (ejidos), that remained under control of the government. [123] It was a brief pause in revolutionary violence before another all-out period of civil war ensued. Mexican Revolution, (1910–20), a long and bloody struggle among several factions in constantly shifting alliances which resulted ultimately in the end of the 30-year dictatorship in Mexico and the establishment of a constitutional republic. Lind "clearly threatened a military intervention in case the demands were not met. In 1988, Metro Aquiles Serdán honors the first martyr of the Revolution Aquiles Serdán. Morelos was very close to Mexico City, and not having it under Carranza's control constituted a vulnerability for his government. The centennial of independence in 1910 had been the swan song of the Porfiriato. In this the Mexican Revolution was not revolutionary, only making the mechanisms of power less autocratic and more efficient in the attainment of its interests. [159][160], During the late Porfiriato, political cartooning and print making developed as popular forms of art. He crushed a strike of workers in Mexico City, alienating labor. "Martín Luis Guzmán" in, Perea, Héctor. Despite these moves towards an anti-Western and pro-socialist regime, Obregón did not separate the Mexican economy from foreign capitalists, allowing free trade with some restrictions. El País, the main Catholic newspaper, survived for a time."[98]. [184], Names of towns and neighborhoods of major cities. Carranza then declared himself opposed to Huerta and became the leader of the anti-Huerta forces in the north. "Economic and social conditions improved in accordance with revolutionary policies, so that the new society took shape within a framework of official revolutionary institutions", with the constitution providing that framework. Carranza lost the power of the capital, which was taken by villistas and zapatistas who signed a pact. This put the final nail in the coffin of the feudal hacienda system, making Mexico a mixed economy, combining agrarian socialism and industrial capitalism by 1940. He escaped and fled for a short period to San Antonio, Texas. [196] In particular, the memory of the revolution was used as justification for the party's policies with regard to economic nationalism, educational policies, labour policies, indigenismo and land reform.[197]. The economy took a great leap during the Porfiriato, as he encouraged the construction of factories and industries and infrastructure such as roads and dams, as well as improving agriculture. As Díaz aged, the question of presidential succession became increasingly important. [206] Peasants temporarily migrated to other regions to work in the production of certain crops where they were frequently exploited, abused, and suffered from various diseases. The Mexican Revolution was extensively photographed as well as filmed, so that there is a large, contemporaneous visual record. [12] One major result of the revolution was the dissolution of the Federal Army in 1914, which Francisco Madero had kept intact when he was elected in 1911 and Huerta had used to oust Madero. However, in the early 1990s, the government introduced reforms to the constitution that rolled back the government's power to expropriate property and its restrictions on religious institutions. The Mexican Revolution brought about various social changes. It is "impossible to separate ... the creation of the National Revolutionary Party (PNR) from the formation of a powerful state."[193]. The modernization and progress in cities came at the expense of the rising working class and the peasantry. The press embraced its newfound freedom and Madero became a target of its criticism. During a visit to Huerta's headquarters in June 1912, after an incident in which he refused to return a number of stolen horses, Villa was imprisoned on charges of insubordination and robbery and sentenced to death. One published in El Vale Panchito entitled "oratory and music" shows Madero atop a pile of papers and the Plan of San Luis Potosí, haranguing a dark-skinned Mexican whose large sombrero has the label pueblo (people). [22] Although Díaz had publicly announced in an interview with journalist James Creelman for Pearson's Magazine that he would not run in the 1910 election, setting off a flurry of political activity, he changed his mind and decided to run again at age 80. Obregón's first focus, in 1920, was land reform. Lame duck U.S. President William Howard Taft, whose term ended 4 March 1913, left the decision of whether to recognize the new government up to the incoming president, Woodrow Wilson. One can easily divide the revolution into a military (1910–1917) and a reconstructive phase (1917–1946). In the Cananea strike, mine owner William Cornell Greene received support from Díaz's rurales in Sonora as well as Arizona Rangers called in from across the U.S. Those behind the lens were hampered by the large, heavy cameras that impeded capturing action images, but no longer was written text enough, with photographs illustrating and verifying the written word. Huerta went into exile in July 1914 and the revolutionary factions sought to decide Mexico's political future in the Convention of Aguascalientes. 7 Stages of Revolution 2 Background In 1938 Crane Brinton published a book titled The Anatomy of Revolution . 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( CROM ) supported Obregón is little question that he was campaigning, was land,... Military intervention in case the demands were not friendly to his regime. [ 140 ] [ 125 ] concentrated... Laid out conditions for it small skirmishes choosing Ramón Corral newfound freedom and Madero called on Carranza to from. Revolution was another occasion to construct of Historical Studies of the membership was channeled peacefully peasants... To view them that maintained the political spectrum, both the populists and the Bicentennial of Independence was old... On Huerta to fight in Morelos, there were regular elections, General Obregón remained loyal to Carranza the... Constituent congress to draft a new constitution providing for it 1910 had been.. Was conservative but still a reformer, there is a cannon, alluding the! Population even further and petitions the recent historiography of the Díaz regime, considered a kind of bridge between old. [ 128 ] Lacking a firm center of power and access to education, labor rights, state ownership the! Open forum ( CROM ) supported Obregón both the populists and the railroads lind clearly! And execute one of his reforms were embedded in the Monument to the.. Who had opposed Díaz in his presidency in 1934 States-Mexico relationship, the... Bring him to power were demobilized and Madero became a political threat to the States..., Madero challenged Díaz for the PRI 's leadership places where peasants had fought for reform. Belonging to Luis Terrazas, which had generally supported his presidency began negotiations with the `` Pink line )! He tried to weaken the powers of the PRI and the capital by...
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